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中华肾病研究电子杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (01) : 1 -8. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3216.2024.01.001

专家共识

原发性IgA肾病管理和治疗中国专家共识
中国医药卫生文化协会肾病与血液净化专业委员会   
  1. 1. 中日友好医院肾病科,北京,100029
    2. 上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院肾脏科,上海,200092
    3. 河南省人民医院肾内科,郑州,450003
  • 收稿日期:2024-02-18 出版日期:2024-02-28
  • 基金资助:
    中央高水平医院临床科研业务费(2023-NHLHCRF-YS-01); 非透析依赖的慢性肾脏病管理提升项目

Chinese expert consensus on the management and treatment of primary IgA nephropathy

Kidney Disease and Blood Purification Professional Committee of China Medical and Health Culture Association   

  • Received:2024-02-18 Published:2024-02-28
引用本文:

中国医药卫生文化协会肾病与血液净化专业委员会. 原发性IgA肾病管理和治疗中国专家共识[J]. 中华肾病研究电子杂志, 2024, 13(01): 1-8.

Kidney Disease and Blood Purification Professional Committee of China Medical and Health Culture Association. Chinese expert consensus on the management and treatment of primary IgA nephropathy[J]. Chinese Journal of Kidney Disease Investigation(Electronic Edition), 2024, 13(01): 1-8.

IgA肾病(immunoglobulin A nephropathy, IgAN)是一种以肾小球系膜区IgA或IgA为主的免疫球蛋白沉积为特点的肾小球肾炎。1968年法国肾脏病学家Jacques Berger博士首次发现并报道了IgAN,因此该病也被称为Berger病[1]。IgAN确诊依赖肾活检,是全球最常见的原发性肾小球疾病,但全球不同地区发病率存在差异,其中亚洲地区IgAN发病率最高,我国IgAN约占全部肾活检病例54.3%[2]。该病临床表现多样,可表现为发作性肉眼血尿、无症状镜下血尿伴或不伴蛋白尿、高血压、急性肾损伤乃至慢性肾衰竭,IgAN也是我国慢性肾脏病和终末期肾病的主要原因之一[3],高达40%的IgAN患者在诊断后20年内达到终末期肾病[4]。目前认为,IgAN的发病机制可概括为"四重打击"[5]:(1)遗传易感性导致IgA1产生和糖基化调控缺陷,半乳糖缺乏的IgA1(galactose-deficient IgA1, Gd-IgA1)增多,导致末端N-乙酰半乳糖胺的暴露;(2)由浆细胞产生以末端N-乙酰半乳糖胺为靶点的聚糖特异性IgG或IgA1自身抗体抗聚糖抗体;(3)由抗Gd-IgA1自身抗体与Gd-IgA1以及可溶性sCD89结合,形成Gd-IgA1循环免疫复合物;(4)免疫复合物在系膜沉积激活炎症途径、补体途径导致肾小球损伤。肾活检是确诊IgAN的唯一方法,对于符合慢性肾炎综合征、复发性或持续性血尿与蛋白尿,疑似IgAN的患者,可考虑行肾穿刺活检。本共识针对原发性IgAN,不适用于继发性IgAN(紫癜性肾炎或IgA型血管炎、系统性红斑狼疮等),以及肝硬化、炎性肠病等疾病所致IgA在肾组织沉积者,旨在为肾内科专科医师,尤其针对地市和县级医疗单位具有一定肾科专业基础的临床医师提供临床诊疗指导。

图1 IgA肾病治疗路径图注:IgAN:IgA肾病;SGLT2i:sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor,钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂;ACEi:angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂;ARB:angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blockers,血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂;a目前国际上有多种版本的IgAN病理分级的标准:MEST-C评分、Haas分型和Lee氏分级,选择任意一种即可;b诊断时根据临床及病理资料对患者进行危险分层,可采用国际lgAN预测工具(https://qxmd.com/calculate/calculator_499/international-igan-prediction-tool-at-biopsy-adults-),让患者知情并参与共同决策;c免疫抑制治疗包括糖皮质激素、环磷酰胺、羟氯喹、吗替麦考酚酯和雷公藤制剂等。eGFR<30 ml/(min·1.73 m2)的患者需要谨慎或避免应用免疫抑制治疗
表1 免疫抑制治疗使用人群和注意事项
药物名称 治疗机制 适用人群 用法用量 注意事项
糖皮质激素 抑制多种细胞因子的产生;抑制巨噬细胞;减少足细胞凋亡等 进展高风险的IgAN患者 足量疗法a;或减量方案b;或口服靶向迟释布地奈德c 当患者出现下列情况,糖皮质激素应特别谨慎或避免应用:eGFR<30 ml/(min·1.73 m2);糖尿病;肥胖;潜在感染(如病毒性肝炎、结核病);继发性疾病(如肝硬化);活动性消化道溃疡;未控制的精神疾病;严重骨质疏松
环磷酰胺 抑制B细胞和T细胞等 临床表现为急进性肾炎综合征型的IgAN患者 环磷酰胺联合糖皮质激素治疗d 警惕可能出现的不良反应:骨髓抑制,恶心、呕吐等消化道症状,继发性感染,泌尿系统毒性(出血性膀胱炎等),继发性恶性肿瘤以及对生殖系统的影响
羟氯喹 抑制B细胞的激活及多种细胞因子的产生等 经ACEi/ARB治疗后仍存在尿蛋白的IgAN患者 羟氯喹联合支持治疗e 对肾脏的长期保护作用和安全性尚不确定;羟氯喹严重不良反应包括心肌毒性和视网膜病变,在治疗过程中应注意监测
吗替麦考酚酯 抑制B细胞和T细胞增殖;抑制抗体合成等 活动性病变IgAN;糖皮质激素不耐受患者 吗替麦考酚酯联合糖皮质激素治疗f;吗替麦考酚酯单独治疗g,h 用药开始时每2周监测血常规、肝功能,之后每月定期检查血常规和肝功能;尽量避免孕妇及哺乳期妇女应用
雷公藤制剂 抑制IL-2的产生及其受体效应;诱导淋巴细胞凋亡;抑制核因子-κB的活性等 经优化支持治疗后仍存在进展高风险的IgAN患者 雷公藤制剂联合支持治疗i 注意生殖毒性;长期服用可能引起肝功能损害、白细胞减少、性腺抑制等,服药期间要定期检查肝功能、血常规
表2 治疗IgAN新型药物研究进展
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