Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP) is the main reason that causes patients to withdraw from peritoneal dialysis. Although fungal peritonitis (FP) accounted for less in PDAP, it had the lowest cure rate, the highest technical failure rate and PDAP-related mortality. However, there is still no unified FP prevention and treatment program. The drugs to prevent FP mainly include nystatin and fluconazole, but the timing of their use has not been determined. Treatment of FP mainly includes catheter removal and antifungal therapy. However, although catheter removal is required in most cases, the optimal time for catheter removal is still unknown. In this paper, the prevention and treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related FP was reviewed in combination with recent important clinical studies.

Podocytes are the basic structural unit for maintaining glomerular function, and are of crucial significance for maintaining glomerular filtration. Cellular autophagy helps maintain podocyte integrity. Mitochondria, as the main organelle for cell energy supply, play an important role in regulating cell survival and death. As a kind of specific autophagy, mitochondrial autophagy can timely remove damaged and aging mitochondria in cells, thereby ensuring the number and function of normal mitochondria in cells, and playing an important role in cell growth and metabolism. Studies have shown that podocyte damage occurs in a variety of kidney diseases, accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction or abnormal cell autophagy. Podocyte mitochondrial autophagy activity can regulate the homeostasis of podocytes through signal pathways of PINK1/Parkin and Nrf2/Keap1, etc. This article summarized the physiopathological manifestations of mitochondria and podocytes, and reviewed the possible mechanisms of the role of mitochondrial autophagy homeostasis in podocyte disease, which might be helpful in exploring new therapeutic pathways for podocyte disease.

"Inner Canon of Huangdi" puts forward that "the kidney governs the bone" and that "the kidney opens in the ear" . There is a close relationship between the ear and the kidney. The incidence of tinnitus in patients with kidney diseases is significantly higher than that in the general population. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the kidney and the ear are closely related to each other in meridians and physiopathology. Modern studies have found that the kidney and the inner ear have some commonality in gene expression, tissue structure, and pathogenic factors. Tonifying kidney and filling essence are the main methods for treatment of tinnitus and deafness in traditional Chinese medicine.

动静脉内瘘是血液透析血管通路的生命线，制作内瘘后以及在长期的血液透析使用过程中，会出现内瘘血管狭窄、血栓形成、动脉瘤、内瘘感染、窃血综合征、肿胀手(静脉高压)综合征、高流量性心衰和神经损伤等。讲者结合30多年临床经验，根据2019年第2版中国透析用血液透析血管通路专家共识，并借鉴2015年日本透析学会发布的更新版血管通路指南、2018年欧洲血管外科发布的血透血管通路指南、2020年4月发布的更新版KDOQI血管通路指南的内容，详细讲解了内瘘狭窄的分类、内瘘狭窄的CTA和DSA检查、PTA治疗；血栓的尿激酶溶栓方法；真性动脉瘤和假性动脉瘤的鉴别诊断与处理；内瘘感染的分类与处理要点；窃血综合征的分类与临床表现特点及处理技术；肿胀手的处理要点；以及高流量心衰的发生原因与处理等。课件中展示了讲者本人大量真实的手术图片资料，对指导临床工作具有重要价值。

For decades, standard regimens based on corticosteroids and classic immunosuppressive agents have become the main therapy for patients with immune-mediated glomerular diseases, but some patients had poor efficacy or intolerance to these classic drugs. The emergence of new biological agents has brought dawn to the targeted treatment of such diseases, and is of great significance in improving patients′ clinical symptoms and quality of life. However, the treatment options, the effectiveness, and safety of the treatment have yet to be further refined by large randomized controlled trials. This article reviewed the application progress of the widely used new biological agents like rituximab, belimumab, eculizumab, and bortezomib in the treatment of kidney diseases.