慢性肾脏病(CKD)是对健康产生影响的肾脏结构或功能异常>3个月的总称。多数CKD缓慢进展，但在有效血容量不足、感染、使用肾毒性药物等危险因素影响下可急性加重。详细的病史、清楚的病程、规律的随访和肾脏的大小有利于鉴别诊断。积极治疗原发病、避免和纠正CKD进展的危险因素，预防和及时发现并积极清除CKD急性加重的危险因素，有助于肾功能保持稳定。

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormatities of kidney structure or function, present for >3 months, with implications for health. The CKD progression is slow in most cases, but can have an acute exacerbation in the presence of risk factors such as insufficient effective blood volume, infection, and use of nephrotoxic drugs. Detailed medical history, clear disease course, regular follow- up, and size of the kidneys are helpful for the differential diagnosis. Actively treating primary diseases, avoiding and correcting risk factors for CKD progression, and preventing, timely finding, and actively eliminating the risk factors for acute exacerbation of CKD, will contribute to maintenance of stable renal functions.