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中华肾病研究电子杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (05) : 241 -248. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3216.2024.05.001

论著

心内科病房急性肾损伤且行肾脏替代治疗患者短期预后不良的危险因素分析
王小龙1, 吴杰1,(), 冯哲1, 文浩1, 段姝伟1, 梁爽1, 蔡广研1   
  1. 1.100853 北京,解放军总医院第一医学中心肾脏病医学部、肾脏疾病国家重点实验室、国家慢性肾病临床医学研究中心、肾脏疾病研究北京市重点实验室
  • 收稿日期:2023-11-16 出版日期:2024-10-28
  • 通信作者: 吴杰

Analysis of risk factors for short-term poor prognosis in cardiology-wards patients undergoing renal replacement therapy due to acute kidney injury

Xiaolong Wang1, Jie Wu1,(), Zhe Feng1, Hao Wen1, Shuwei Duan1, Shuang Liang1, Guangyan Cai1   

  1. 1.Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100853, China
  • Received:2023-11-16 Published:2024-10-28
  • Corresponding author: Jie Wu
引用本文:

王小龙, 吴杰, 冯哲, 文浩, 段姝伟, 梁爽, 蔡广研. 心内科病房急性肾损伤且行肾脏替代治疗患者短期预后不良的危险因素分析[J]. 中华肾病研究电子杂志, 2024, 13(05): 241-248.

Xiaolong Wang, Jie Wu, Zhe Feng, Hao Wen, Shuwei Duan, Shuang Liang, Guangyan Cai. Analysis of risk factors for short-term poor prognosis in cardiology-wards patients undergoing renal replacement therapy due to acute kidney injury[J]. Chinese Journal of Kidney Disease Investigation(Electronic Edition), 2024, 13(05): 241-248.

目的

探究心内科病房接受肾脏替代治疗(RRT)的急性肾损伤(AKI)患者的临床特征,并分析其短期预后不良的危险因素。

方法

回顾性分析2009 年1 月1 日至2018 年12 月31 日期间在解放军总医院第一医学中心心血管内科住院接受RRT 治疗的AKI 患者。 收集AKI 患者人口学资料、伴随疾病、AKI 病因、RRT 启动时生命体征、实验室检查结果、RRT 治疗时长、RRT 适应症、血管活性药物评分(VIS)、去甲肾上腺素当量(NEE)、急性生理与慢性健康评估Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)分数、病危和病重天数,以及RRT 治疗后28 d 患者的生存情况和肾脏预后等指标。 对这些AKI 患者按照预后情况分为生存组和死亡组后进行分析比较,Logistic 回归分析影响患者预后的危险因素。

结果

共有143 例患者入组,其中男性占91 例(63.6%),患者年龄中位数为75.0(65.0,81.0)岁,28 d 后共有87 例死亡,死亡率为60.8%。 大多数患者同时存在多种基础疾病,主要的AKI 病因是肾脏灌注不足(63.3%),而主要的RRT 适应症是容量负荷过重(81.1%)。 在进行RRT 治疗4 周后,共有56 例存活,其中14 例(25%)可以停止透析,42 例(75%)仍需透析。 两组AKI 患者的总APACHE Ⅱ评分为(20.65 ±5.63)分,但两组间无显著差异(P =0.187)。 死亡组的VIS、NEE 评分高于生存组(P 均<0.05)。 单因素Logistic 回归分析显示,高龄、低身体质量指数(BMI)、低平均动脉压、高血红蛋白、开始RRT 时的较低血清肌酐、凝血酶原时间(PT)、血浆活化部分凝血活酶时间延长、脑梗/脑出血、急性心肌梗死、高VIS 评分和高NEE 是死亡的危险因素。 多因素Logistic 回归分析显示,低BMI(OR =0.794,95%CI:0.648 ~0.930,P=0.004)、开始RRT 时较低的血清肌酐(OR=0.736,95%CI:0.558 ~0.971,P=0.030)和PT 延长(OR=1.019,95%CI:1.004 ~1.035,P=0.016)是患者死亡的危险因素。

结论

在心内科病房急性肾损伤且行肾脏替代治疗的患者中,入院时低BMI、开始RRT 时较低的肌酐和凝血酶原时间延长为患者死亡的危险因素。

Objective

To investigate the clinical characteristics and analyze the risk factors for short-term poor prognosis in cardiology-wards patients undergoing renal replacement therapy (RRT) due to acute kidney injury (AKI).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on AKI patients treated with RRT in the Cardiology Department of the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 1,2009 to December 31,2018. The AKI patients' data were collected,including demography,concomitant diseases,etiology of AKI,vital signs at RRT initiation,laboratory results,duration of RRT treatment,indications for RRT,vasoactive inotropic score (VIS),norepinephrine equivalent (NEE),acute physiologic assessment and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score,duration of critical and severe illness,and the patients' survival plus renal prognosis at 28 days after RRT treatment. According to the patients' prognosis,they were divided into a survival group and a death group. These AKI patients were divided into a survival group and a death group according to the prognosis,while risk factors affecting the prognosis were analyzed by logistic regression method.

Results

A total of 143 AKI patients were enrolled,of which 91 (63.6%) were males,whose median age was 75.0 (65.0,81.0) years,among whom a total of 87 patients died after 28 days,with a mortality rate of 60. 8%. Most of the patients had multiple underlying diseases at the time,and the main cause of AKI was renal hypoperfusion (63.3%),but the main RRT indication was volume overload (81.1%). After 4 weeks of RRT treatment,56 patients survived,of whom 14 (25%) were able to be off dialysis while 42 (75%) still required dialysis. The APACHE Ⅱscore of the total enrolled AKI patients was (20.65 ±5.63),but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.187). The death group disclosed higher scores of VIS and NEE than the survival group(P < 0. 05). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that advanced age,low body mass index(BMI),low mean arterial pressure,high hemoglobin,low creatinine at initiation of RRT,prothrombin time(PT),prolonged plasma activated partial thrombin time,cerebral infarction/cerebral hemorrhage,acute myocardial infarction,and high VIS/NEE score were risk factors for the patients' death. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that low BMI (OR =0.794,95%CI: 0.648-0.930,P =0.004),low serum creatinine at initiation of RRT (OR =0. 736,95% CI: 0. 558-0. 971,P =0. 030),and prolonged PT(OR=1.019,95%CI:1.004-1.035,P=0.016) were risk factors for the patients' death.

Conclusion

Low BMI at admission,low creatinine at RRT initiation,and prothrombin time prolongation were risk factors for death in the patients undergoing RRT due to AKI in the cardiology wards.

图1 入组流程图
表1 比较医院幸存者与死亡患者的基线、合并症及重症监护病房入院特征
项目 生存(56例) 死亡(87例) 合计(143例) P
年龄(岁) 71.00(59.25,78.00) 78.00(71.00,83.00) 75.00(65.00,81.00) 0.001
身体质量指数 25.76±4.00 23.19±3.96 24.17±4.14 <0.001
平均动脉压(mmHg) 90.56±19.44 82.83±16.07 85.8±17.80 0.011
男性[例(%)] 36(64.3) 55(63.2) 91(63.6) 0.897
尿量[ml/(kg·h)] 0.15(0.07,0.32) 0.20(0.07,0.42) 0.18(0.06,0.36) 0.332
伴随疾病[例(%)]
慢性肾脏病 15(26.8) 19(21.8) 34(23.7) 0.498
糖尿病 25(44.6) 33(37.9) 58(40.6) 0.425
脑梗/脑出血 6(10.7) 22(25.3) 28(19.6) 0.032
慢性阻塞性肺疾病 1(1.8) 8(9.2) 9(6.3) 0.075
心血管疾病[例(%)]
高血压 44(78.6) 64(73.6) 108(75.5) 0.497
高血脂 39(69.6) 61(70.1) 100(69.9) 0.952
冠状动脉硬化性心脏病 45(80.4) 69(79.3) 114(79.7) 0.879
急性冠脉综合征 12(21.4) 17(19.5) 29(19.8) 0.518
急性心肌梗死 13(23.2) 37(45.2) 50(35.0) 0.018
陈旧性心肌梗死 7(12.5) 18(20.7) 25(17.5) 0.208
心力衰竭 35(62.5) 42(48.3) 77(53.8) 0.096
心律失常 20(35.7) 29(33.3) 49(34.3) 0.770
心脏瓣膜病 7(12.5) 11(12.6) 18(12.6) 0.980
肺动脉高压 5(8.9) 7(8.0) 12(8.4) 0.853
机械通气 14(25.0) 25(29.7) 39(27.2) 0.624
介入手术 20(35.7) 26(29.9) 46(32.2) 0.466
右心功能障碍[例(%)] 7(12.5) 11(12.6) 18(12.6) 0.832
AKI病因[例(%)] 0.206
脓毒血症 6(11.1) 19(21.8) 25(17.5)
肾灌注不足 36(64.2) 55(63.2) 91(63.6)
造影剂肾病 5(9.3) 7(8.0) 12(8.4)
心脏术后 5(9.3) 2(2.3) 7(4.9)
其他 4(7.1) 4(4.6) 8(5.6)
总住院天数(d) 28.00(15.25,47.75) 19.00(9.00,36.00) 21.00(12.00,40.00) 0.052
病重天数(d) 5.00(0,13.75) 3.00(0,8.00) 3.00(0,11.00) 0.101
病危天数(d) 2.50(0,8.75) 7.00(1.00,13.00) 5.00(0,11.00) 0.017
重症监护病房天数(d) 14.00(3.00,22.75) 12.00(5.00,26.00) 13.00(4.00,25.00) 0.931
肾脏预后[例(%)] -
脱离透析 14(25.0) - 14(9.8)
未脱离 42(75.0) - 42(29.4)
表2 研究人群CRRT 开始时的临床变量,医院幸存者与住院死亡患者的比较
项目 生存(56例) 死亡(87例) 合计(143例) P
RRT适应症[例(%)] 0.134
容量负荷 42(75.0) 74(85.0) 116(81.1)
代酸/电解质异常 14(25.0) 13(15.0) 27(18.9)
RRT时间(h) 18.00(12.00,48.00) 12.00(6.00,30.00) 16.00(7.00,36.00) 0.938
实验室检查
血红蛋白(g/L) 100.29±23.44 109.76±27.57 106.23±26.42 0.042
白细胞(×109/L) 7.90(6.70,11.43) 10.59(7.38,15.58) 9.10(6.99,15.06) 0.081
血小板(×109/L) 156.64±74.47 154.59±84.36 155.35±80.59 0.887
C反应蛋白(mg/dl) 1.75(0.73,6.08) 4.28(0.98,9.35) 2.90(0.84,7.70) 0.215
白蛋白(g/L) 33.43±5.55 33.18±5.14 33.27±5.27 0.785
丙氨酸转移酶(U/L) 24.85(13.15,99.57) 29.00(10.45,122.75) 27.60(11.10,110.00) 0.739
天冬氨酸转移酶(U/L) 37.45(17.95,100.18) 38.10(24.55,244.00) 38.00(24.40,165.80) 0.408
总胆红素(μmol/L) 8.5(6.75,18.73) 12.00(7.00,26.00) 10.60(6.90,22.10) 0.346
血清肌酐(mg/dl) 3.89±2.53 2.41±1.45 2.97±2.04 <0.001
乳酸脱氢酶(U/L) 311.65(185.00,527.50) 371.00(232.73,864.00) 338.30(226.00,702.00) 0.143
尿酸(μmol/L) 489.65±182.84 466.64±209.12 475.42±199.09 0.523
血钾(mmol/L) 4.36±0.69 4.26±0.86 4.29±0.79 0.431
血钠(mmol/L) 140.13±8.00 141.40±6.94 140.90±7.33 0.334
BNP(pg/ml) 11407(3471,35000) 15374(6074,35000) 13360(4854,35000) 0.528
APTT(s) 43.30(38.18,52.03) 50.70(42.10,79.75) 47.35(40.07,66.42) 0.003
PT(s) 17.40(15.88,19.90) 18.65(16.25,40.80) 17.85(16.15,25.95) 0.079
凝血酶原活动度(%) 67.73±24.64 59.78±27.53 62.59±26.22 0.105
D-二聚体(μg/ml) 2.81(1.21,5.40) 2.35(1.34,5.06) 2.50(1.30,5.14) 0.865
血气pH 7.39(7.33,7.43) 7.41(7.34,7.47) 7.40(7.33,7.46) 0.410
BE(mmol/L) -1.66±5.47 -2.85±6.90 -2.46±6.42 0.342
NEE 0.01(0.00,0.05) 0.04(0.02,1.59) 0.03(0.01,0.20) <0.001
VIS(分) 1.03(0.00,5.31) 5.61(2.84,19.33) 3.92(0.90,11.79) <0.001
APACHE Ⅱ评分(分) 19.76±6.22 21.27±5.1 20.65±5.63 0.187
表3 Logistic 回归分析影响患者的死亡因素
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