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中华肾病研究电子杂志 ›› 2021, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (04) : 214 -219. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3216.2021.04.005

论著

腹膜透析患者膳食情况调查及营养不良相关因素分析
梁嫦娜1, 吕晶1,(), 李昭1, 钱宝1, 毋欣桐1, 路万虹1   
  1. 1. 710061 西安交通大学第一附属医院肾内科
  • 收稿日期:2021-04-27 出版日期:2021-08-26
  • 通信作者: 吕晶

Investigation of dietary status of peritoneal dialysis patients and analysis of related factors of malnutrition

Changna Liang1, Jing Lv1,(), Zhao Li1, Bao Qian1, Xintong Wu1, Wanhong Lu1   

  1. 1. Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
  • Received:2021-04-27 Published:2021-08-26
  • Corresponding author: Jing Lv
引用本文:

梁嫦娜, 吕晶, 李昭, 钱宝, 毋欣桐, 路万虹. 腹膜透析患者膳食情况调查及营养不良相关因素分析[J]. 中华肾病研究电子杂志, 2021, 10(04): 214-219.

Changna Liang, Jing Lv, Zhao Li, Bao Qian, Xintong Wu, Wanhong Lu. Investigation of dietary status of peritoneal dialysis patients and analysis of related factors of malnutrition[J]. Chinese Journal of Kidney Disease Investigation(Electronic Edition), 2021, 10(04): 214-219.

目的

调查腹膜透析患者膳食营养素摄入情况,分析腹透患者营养不良的相关因素。

方法

对2016年8月至2018年3月于本中心规律随访超过1月的130例腹透患者进行横断面调查。排除腹膜炎、透析不充分、肿瘤及其他系统性疾病。采用3日食谱回顾法调查患者的饮食情况,分析每日蛋白、脂肪及碳水化合物、总热量及电解质摄入情况,并分析各类营养素摄入与患者血磷及血清白蛋白水平的相关性。

结果

在130例腹透患者中,每日能量摄入(DEI)为(29.07±9.07)kcal/(kg·d),平均每日蛋白摄入(DPI)为(0.77±0.26)g/(kg·d),其中,优质蛋白摄入比例仅为38%,碳水化合物(包括腹透液葡萄糖能量)供能比为73.16%。每日磷摄入量为(777.44±222.00)mg,膳食磷与血磷水平(r=0.352,P<0.001)和蛋白摄入量(r=0.817,P<0.001)均呈正相关。血清白蛋白水平与DEI(r=0.300,P=0.001)及碳水化合物摄入量(r=0.316,P<0.001)均呈正相关,与DPI、脂肪摄入量与及前白蛋白水平无关。腹透患者膳食中的钾、钙、镁平均摄入量明显低于中国成人推荐摄入量(RNIs),而磷、钠、铁的摄入量则超过RNIs。多因素Logistics回归模型示:高龄(OR=1.071,P<0.001)、饮食热量摄入不足(OR=0.986,P<0.001)及优质蛋白比例过低(OR=0.871,P=0.025)是导致腹透患者低蛋白血症的独立危险因素。

结论

腹透患者普遍存在膳食结构不合理。高龄、热量摄入不足、优质蛋白比例过低是导致腹透患者低蛋白血症的独立危险因素。

Objective

To investigate the dietary status of peritoneal dialysis patients (PD) and analyze the related factors of the malnutrition.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 130 PD patients who had been regularly followed up for over a month in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University from August 2016 to March 2018. Patients with peritonitis, inadequate dialysis, tumors, or other systemic diseases were excluded. A 3-day diet-review method was used to investigate the patients′ diet, for analyzing the daily intakes of protein, fat, carbohydrates, total calories, and electrolytes. And the correlation between the intakes of nutrients and the levels of serum phosphorus and serum albumin was analyzed, respectively.

Results

Among the 130 PD patients, each patient had the average daily energy intake (DEI) of 29.07±9.07 kcal/(kg·d), and the average daily protein intake (DPI) of 0.77±0.26 g/(kg·d), of which the high-quality protein intake accounted for only 38%, and the energy-supply ratio of carbohydrates (including dialysate glucose) was 73.16%. The daily intake of phosphorus was 777.44±222.00 mg. The dietary phosphorus correlated positively with both the serum phosphorus level (r=0.352, P=0.000) and the dietary protein (r=0.817, P<0.001). The serum albumin level correlated positively with both DEI (r=0.300, P=0.001) and carbohydrates intakes (r=0.316, P<0.001), but did not correlate with DPI, fat intake, or prealbumin level. The average dietary intakes of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in PD patients were significantly lower than the recommended nutrients intakes (RNIs) for Chinese adults, while the intakes of phosphorus, sodium, and iron exceeded RNIs. Multivariate logistic regression model showed that advanced age (OR=1.071, P<0.001), insufficient dietary calorie intake (OR=0.986, P<0.001), and low ratio of high-quality protein (OR=0.871, P=0.025) were independent risk factors leading to the hypoproteinemia in the PD patients.

Conclusion

Unreasonable dietary structure was common in the PD patients. Advanced age, insufficient calorie intake, and low ratio of high-quality protein were independent risk factors for the hypoproteinemia in the PD patients.

表1 腹透患者的平均每日能量摄入和平均每日蛋白摄入水平
表2 三大营养素摄入量及供能构成比
表3 PD患者膳食微量元素的摄入情况
表4 膳食磷摄入量与蛋白摄入及血磷水平的相关性
图1 膳食磷摄入与血磷的相关性
表5 三大营养物质摄入与营养状况的相关性
表6 不同蛋白水平腹透患者各项营养指标及膳食摄入的比较
表7 腹透患者发生低蛋白血症的多因素Logistics回归模型
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