Uremic pruritus is a common complication in patients with end-stage renal disease, severely affecting their quality of life. The pathogenesis of uremic pruritus remains unclear and may be associated with various inflammatory mediators, neurotransmitters, opioid receptors, and other factors. Recent studies found that treatments such as opioid receptor antagonists, gabapentinoids, antihistamines, and traditional Chinese medicine could effectively alleviate uremic pruritus in the patients. This article reviewed the research progress on the pathogenesis and treatment methods of uremic pruritus, aiming to provide references for clinical practice.