肾衰竭是一种威胁人类健康的重大疾病，给患者家庭及社会带来了沉重负担。临床研究及经验告诉我们，终末期肾病患者虽然能够从维持性血液透析治疗中受益，但大量研究发现血液透析的心血管并发症是患者的主要死亡原因。早期监测血液透析患者心血管并发症的发生，提前进行针对性的合理治疗，进而延长患者生命，成为临床医生及学者们所必须思考的问题。大量研究提示，肾衰竭患者体内的微炎症状态与其心血管并发症密切相关。通过监测患者体内的微炎症相关细胞及因子，可以预测维持性血液透析患者心血管并发症的预后及监测血透患者的疾病进展程度。近年来，一些新兴炎症监测指标，如：中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值、单核细胞/淋巴细胞比值、单核细胞/高密度脂蛋白/胆固醇比值相对于目前应用于临床的炎症指标如C-反应蛋白，在预测持续性血液透析患者心血管并发症方面发挥独特积极作用。本文将就微炎症因子特别是上述新兴炎症指标对血液透析患者心血管并发症的监测作用作一综述。

Renal failure is a serious disease threatening human health, which brings heavy burden to the patients′ families and society. Clinical studies and experience tell us that although patients with end-stage renal disease can benefit from maintenance hemodialysis, a lot of studies have found that cardiovascular complications of hemodialysis are the main cause of death. Early monitoring the occurrence of cardiovascular complications in hemodialysis patients, carrying out targeted and reasonable treatment in advance, and thus prolonging the life of patients, have become a problem that clinicians and scholars must think about. A large number of studies suggest that the micro-inflammatory state in patients with renal failure is closely related to cardiovascular complications. By monitoring the microinflammation-related cells and factors in patients, people can predict the prognosis of cardiovascular complications in maintenance hemodialysis patients and monitor the disease progression of hemodialysis patients. In recent years, some emerging inflammatory monitoring indicators, such as neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, monocyte to lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, play a unique and positive role in predicting cardiovascular complications in patients with continuous hemodialysis, compared with the currently-used clinical inflammatory indicators such as C-reactive protein. In this article, the role of microinflammatory factors, especially the new inflammatory indicators mentioned above, in monitoring cardiovascular complications of hemodialysis patients was reviewed.